The Industrial Uses of Gold and Silver Essays

The Industrial Uses of Gold and Silver Essays The Industrial Uses of Gold and Silver Essay The Industrial Uses of Gold and Silver Essay The Industrial Uses of Gold and Silver Metals, for example, gold and silver have been viewed as valuable since the beginning for their irregularity and tasteful intrigue. These components are significant in present day industry as mechanical advances extend the applications and employments of their extraordinary physical properties. The employments of these two metals are found in pretty much every field of intrigue. From clinical to aviation innovation, the uses of these substances give another motivation to their attractive quality. The advancement of innovation has expanded its interest for gold’s physical properties. One of the key contrasts among gold and silver is its protection from discoloring. Despite the fact that silver and copper are better transmitters, gold’s resistance against ecological impacts makes it an ideal for hardware where predictable execution after some time is wanted. Dissolving different metals with gold structures a gold-based composite which is amazingly heat safe however can in any case go about as a conveyor. These composites are then utilized in gadgets that work under seriously high temperatures, for example, toaster ovens (World Gold Council, 2012). One huge territory where gold is devoured for its dependability is the military. The military uses gold as connectors where the unwavering quality of its gadgets is a significant factor since utilizing gold connectors can mean the distinction among life and passing. This is the reason each tank, helicopter, battle stream, and other military equipment has gold in some structure or another. The clinical field has likewise perceived the gold’s dependable attributes. Most, if not the entirety of the existence bolster hardware are plated with gold as its conductor. One clinical utilization of gold that isn't identified with gadgets is the treatment of a condition called Lagophthalmos. An individual with this condition has the failure to completely close their eyes. By embedding minuscule measures of gold in the upper eyelid, the additional weight permits them to totally close their eyes. Gold is utilized in light of the fact that it has amazing biocompatibility dissimilar to numerous different metals which have a harmfulness level unsafe to people (Goodman, 2002). Gold isn't the main metal with clinical applications. Silver has important enemy of bacterial qualities and dissimilar to different metals with hostile to microbial properties, it isn't unsafe to people (Daima, 2011 pg. 1). Before anti-infection agents were designed, silver was been utilized as a weapon against ailments during World War I. Probably the best component about silver is the way that microscopic organisms can't adjust to it as they do with anti-infection agents. Today, silver is added to clinical instruments, for example, wraps and surgical blades. A few medical clinics have even gone to the degree of covering door handles, ground surface, and documents with silver to make an increasingly clean condition. Silver was additionally as of late demonstrated to advance the development of new cells, causing wounds to recuperate quicker (The Silver Institute, 2012). Despite the fact that it isn't as erosion safe as gold, it is profoundly esteemed in the gadgets business as super conductor. This implies silver-based batteries are likewise super capacitors, enduring any longer than different batteries. Another novel property that silver has is its capacity to reflect warmth and radiation. A significant number of today’s places of business have silver covered windows. This utilization of silver reflects up to 95% of the Sun’s beams, decreasing the expense of cooling during blistering summer days (The Silver Institute, 2012).

Final Essay

He is stuck on the extension between being a grown-up and a kid and doesn't know here he needs to go. He doesn't have a clue what he needs to do or be later on. All through the book, Holder makes numerous references to the ducks that he saw a couple of times in Central Park. He says, â€Å"The ducks. Do you know, by any possibility? I mean does someone come around in a truck or something and remove them, or do they fly away without anyone else go south or something? â€Å"(Slinger 91 This could be an image for Holder and his life. Holder is pondering where the ducks will go, especially like he is pondering where he himself will go.Holder thinks about whether he should get moving no place all alone, or on the off chance that somebody will go along and help him out before things get excessively troublesome. Holder is pondering where the ducks will go when it gets cold and difficult for them to endure. He is likewise pondering where he will go when life gets much progressively trouble some and harder for him to make due all alone. Holder is likewise frightened for the fate of youngsters. He has encountered firsthand what it resembles to be very focused and compelled to grow up rapidly. He doesn't care for growing up and he simply needs to be a youngster forever.Holder needs to spare kids from falling into the universe of adulthood. He says, â€Å"Navy, I continue envisioning all these little children playing some game in this large field of rye what not. A great many little children, and no one's around †no one major, mean †with the exception of me. Also, I'm remaining on the edge of some insane bluff. What I need to do, I need to get everyone in the event that they begin to go over the precipice †I mean on the off chance that they're running and they don't look where they're going I need to come out from some place and catch them. That is everything I do throughout the day. I'd simply be the catcher in the rye what not. Know it's insane, yet that is the main thing I'd truly prefer to be.This shows that Holder really is thinking about the youngsters on the planet and he needs to assist them with keeping their blamelessness in any capacity that he can. All through the Story, Holder makes reference to his younger sibling Allele. Allele died when they were little of disease. Holder feels remorseful and annoyed with Allies demise and truly misses him. Allele was one of only a handful barely any individuals who Holder really cherished and thought about. Allele had an old baseball glove with sonnets composed on top of it that he would peruse while remaining in the field. While discussing Allies old baseball glove that Holder kept, he says â€Å"You'd have loved him.He was two years more youthful than I was, yet he was around multiple times as wise. He was astoundingly wise. His instructors were continually composing letters to my mom, mentioning to her what a delight it was having a kid like Allele in their group. Also, they were n't simply shooting the poo. They truly would not joke about this. In any case, it wasn't only that he was the most astute part in the family. He was likewise the most pleasant, from multiple points of view. He never got distraught at anyone. God, he was a pleasant child, however. He used to chuckle so hard at something he thought of during supper that he pretty much tumbled off his seat.

Psychological Perspectives for Health and Social Care Essay

The impact of people The key principals of the learning hypothesis is the point at which a kid sees certain showcases or demonstrations of conduct, that they are bound to duplicate it. He contended that we learn through a procedure of mirroring good examples, however that we likewise copy the activities that are seen that could be a potential premium. (Bandura, 1961) led an examination to research if social practices, for example, animosity can be gained by impersonation. Bandura tried 36 young men and young ladies from the Stanford University Nursery School with kids between 3 to 6 years of age. The good examples were one male grown-up and one female grown-up. Bandura then orchestrated 24 of the young men and young ladies to watch a male or female model carrying on forcefully towards a toy known as the bobo doll. The grown-ups started to assault the doll in an unmistakable way, tossing the doll noticeable all around and yelling. The analysts pre-tried the youngsters for how forceful they were by watchin g the kids in the nursery and passed judgment on their forceful conduct on four five point rating scales. It was then feasible for the youngsters in the gatherings to be coordinated so they had comparative degrees of hostility inside their ordinary conduct. The youngsters were then tried separately through three phases, which comprises of demonstrating, which is concentrated as observational learning, as one should be focusing, having the option to store data adequately, and proliferation, which includes performing he conduct that has been watched. Further act of this expertise will at that point lead to progress and ability headway. In stage two (Aggression Arousal) the youngster is then exposed to ‘mild animosity arousal’, which is the point at which the kid is taken to a live with generally alluring toys. When the youngster begins to play with the toys the experimenter tells the kid that these were the experimenter’s absolute best toys and she had chosen to hold them for different kids. The last key stage is being tried for deferred impersonation, which comprised of bringing the youngsters into a live with various forceful toys comprising of hammers, tie balls, dart weapons, and the Bobo Doll. The room likewise incorporates a few non †forceful toys, including colored pencils, paper, dolls, plastic creatures and trucks. The kids were then permitted to play in this room forâ a time of 20 minutes while raters watched each child’s conduct from behind a single direction reflect and passed judgment on each child’s levels of animosity. This is the way toward testing the person on how much data has been recently held, and how they move this data. The discoveries from this and comparable investigations have been utilized in the contention that media viciousness may be contributing in some degree to savagery in the public arena. The undeniable analysis of this contention is that there are numerous different components affecting whether we are probably going to mirror screen viciousness. One of the central point likewise is maybe the degree of hostility we as of now have, which may have been educated, in our family connections or somewhere else. Social Learning Theory has likewise been utilized to clarify the purported ‘cycle of violence’, or all the more in fact ‘the between generational transmission of aggression’. The fundamental thought is that in the event that one has been the casualty of (physical) maltreatment as a kid, you are bound to be a manhandling guardian than if you haven’t. It likewise builds the odds that you will be a spouse †or a husband †â€Å"batterer†. It is additionally imperative to take note of that such early encounters make it progressively likely that individuals will turn out to be increasingly forceful however it is rarely sure, or unavoidable. Notwithstanding impacting different analysts, Bandura’s social learning hypothesis has had significant ramifications in the field of instruction. Today, the two instructors and guardians perceive the significance of demonstrating suitable practices. Other homeroom methodologies, for example, empowering kids and building self-viability are likewise established in social learning hypothesis. The announcement â€Å"Children who witness abusive behavior at home are at expanded danger of having injurious connections as grown-ups, specialists have found.† (BBC,2003) depends on the way toward demonstrating, as the youngsters who are vulnerable to brutality and misuse are bound to take in what has been done and duplicate the conduct. I for one imagine that Health and Social Care Services couldn't have the option to focus on this on-going issue, since I feel that kid misuse and aggressive behavior at home can in any case occur in secret, when not revealed, or when no indications are appeared. I feel that the Social Services could target thisâ problem all the more precisely by promoting it more, and getting the message out that it is alright to stand up. Noble cause, for example, NSPCC and NCDV help the individuals who are being manhandled, or seeing maltreatment. Different activities, for example, enrolling in more visitor speakers to address youngsters in schools about maltreatment or abusive behavior at home, and how it can influence people around them. I think there ought to likewise be more advisors enrolled in schools, to help and guarantee students or kids who are being manhandled that they have somebody to address about their issues. Advising meetings ought to likewise made broadly accessible for gatherings of ladies who are encountering residential maltreatment, to approach and realize that they are not the only one, since they don't have the right to endure peacefully. All the more family examinations ought to be done, as these can offer away crucial hints of misuse, so it is frequently important that the administrations complete these checks. The Social can likewise focus on this issue by encouraging schools or instructors who know about any kid who is being manhandled to approach. Doing the entirety of the above will altogether help the expanding levels of kids who are observers of aggressive behavior at home, and ideally make a marginally more secure condition for casualties or witnesses and abatement the measure of abusive behavior at home which happens in the home. Crusades The main battle I will examine is the â€Å"Stop Knife Crime† crusade, propelled in 2008, which was embraced by David Beckham, Rio Ferdinand and David James, who are all football greats, and good examples to numerous who are keen on the games or football segment. This specific advancement has utilized these good examples by shooting them holding up signs, which support the campaign’s trademark, â€Å"Stop Knife Crime, it doesn’t need to happen†. Likewise, the utilization of Beckham and Rio Ferdinand having experienced a blade wrongdoing experience, further adds to them being good examples, as they can relate and comprehend the perils of this subject more, and communicate their comprehension to people in general. There was a 10% reduction in blade crime percentages in London after this crusade. Financing was additionally being added to pay for 85 progressively versatile hunt curves and 566 church wands to permit more tasks to happen. The second crusade I will examine is a Weight Watchers battle, embraced by Jenifer Hudson, who figured out how to lose in excess of 80 pounds, going from a size 16/18 to a size 8. This specific advancement has utilized Jennifer as a good example since she is an effective artist, and she can relate and comprehend the circumstances that the individuals who are attempting to shed pounds are experiencing. The battle have additionally embraced this by capturing her in entirely, stylish ensembles with mottos, for example, â€Å"I put stock in WeightWatchers† and â€Å"I lost with WeightWatchers and I feel more grounded than ever†, which would make ladies need to be or look simply like her. WeightWatchers were fruitful with their advancement utilizing Jenifer Hudson, as they had an expansion in participations in 2013. Use of the psychodynamic point of view The key supporters of this psychodynamic approach are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Carl Rogers. The psychodynamic approach remembers all the speculations for brain science that see human working dependent on the collaboration of drives and powers inside the individual, especially oblivious, and between the various structures of the character. Nervousness is a turmoil, and is as per (nhs.co.uk) â€Å" A sentiment of disquiet, dread, or stress, that can be gentle or severe†. Tension is something that everybody can likewise understanding occasionally, without being given an analysis of it. A great many people can identify with feeling tense and dubious, and stressing over for instance, going for a prospective employee meeting. One might be stressed over inclination awkward, seeming stupid, or in how effective they will be. Thus, these concerns can influence one’s rest, craving and capacity to think. Somebody may encounter tension for reasons unknown in light of the fact that maternal clashes can cause an individual to feel restless. In Freud’s see, uneasiness emerges when the personality can't enough adjust the requests of the id and the superego, and the id starts to request satisfaction of it’s driving forces, and the superego requests upkeep of it’s moral gauges. A portion of the manners in which one can use to control their nervousness shift, as strategies, for example, recording any concerns or concerns one may have, on a PC, on a telephone, or on paper. Additionally, by starting to acknowledge vulnerability could help one’s understanding that life’s issues don't require quick arrangements. By additionally doing things, for example, rehearsing unwinding methods, adjusting good dieting propensities, lessening liquor and nicotine consumption, practicing routinely and getting enough rest, could likewise help control uneasiness. Use of the Humanist Perspective They key supporters of the Humanist Perspective were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The key ideas to this mental methodology are that humanistic clinicians study human conduct, through the eyes of the spectator, yet additionally through the eyes of the individual doing the acting. The model of directing created by

The Process Of Banks And Financial Insistutions Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Introduction The financial system of Bangladesh consists of Bangladesh Bank (the central Bank of country), Schedule banks, financial institutions (Non-banking), various co-operative societies, insurance companies, microfinance institutions (MFIs) and non-government organizations (NGO). Direct regulation and supervisory responsibility over the system rests with Bangladesh Bank. Among the 48 schedule banks, there are 4 state owned commercial banks, 5 state owned specialized banks, 30 domestic private commercial banks, 9 foreign commercial banks and 29 non-bank financial institutions. Financial institutions represent one of the most important segments of the financial system and play a very important role in mobilizing and channeling resources in Bangladesh. Financial system of the country is either bank or market based. Since bank based systems are good at mobilizing savings and providing payment services and liquidity, they are constrained in providing store of value services. By adding liquidity, divisibility, informational, efficiencies and risk pooling services, non-bank financial institutions play a major role in the development of financial sector by broadening the spectrum of risks available to investors. Objective of the project: To discuss process of Banks and FIs or NBFI To show what are the sources of their funds To show the difference in their lending segment on the prospect of SME To watch carefully the degree of difference and similarities between the real life and theory. Scope: This study revolves basically around Banks and Financial Institution in Bangladesh. This study includes an analysis of their lending pattern on the prospect of SME. And what possible steps should be taken to improve facilities. Methodology: For preparing this report we will gather information from the following sources: Secondary data: This report will base on only secondary data like-Official website of the company, journal, newspaper etc. Limitation: In preparing this report certain limitations were faced: This report may suffer from statistical error due to the fact that all data used were Secondary. Lack of sufficient alternative sources prevented verification of information. The analysis presented here may vary with opinions of experts in this field. Overview: Structure and component of the financial sector in Bangladesh: The financial system of Bangladesh consists of Bangladesh Bank (BB) as the central bank, 4 State Owned Commercial Banks (SCB), 5 government owned specialized banks, 30 domestic private banks, 9 foreign banks and 29 non-bank financial institutions. Moreover, MRA has given license to 298 Micro-credit Organizations. The financial system also embraces insurance companies, stock exchanges and co-operative banks. NBFI: Non-Bank Financial Institutions are an important part of financial system in Bangladesh. NBFIs operations are regulated under the Financial Institutions Act, 1993. The NBFIs consist of investment, finance, leasing companies etc. There were 29 financial institutions operating in Bangladesh as of 31 December 2006. Of these one is government owned, 15 are local (private) and the other 13 are established under joint venture with foreign participation. Banks: In the banking subsector, there are 4 SCBs, 5 governments owned specialized banks dedicated to agricultural and industrial lending, 30 domestic PCBs, and 9 foreign commercial banks. The specialized banks are often called development finance institutions (DFIs). Out of the five specialized banks (enjoying 10% of the total industrys assets), the Bangladesh Krishi Bank and Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank were created to meet the credit needs of the agriculture sector, while the Bangladesh Shilpa Bank and Bangladesh Shilpa Rin Sangstha were set up to extend term loans to industry. Defining SME: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are clearly defined by the Ministry of Industry of Bangladesh. Small businesses in the manufacturing industry are defined as those having fixed assets valued at less than BDT 15 million ($220,000), 50 excluding the value of land. Nonmanufacturing businesses with fewer than 25 workers are also considered small businesses. Current Situation of SME in Bangladesh: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs, industry and service) sector has been treated as a thrust sector and expected to play an important role in healthy performance of industry and service sectors in FY10. At the end of September 2009, banks and NBFIs distributed Tk.248.8 billion to the SME sector which is about 21.9 percent of their total disbursed loan. For promoting small enterprises, BB has directed the banks and NBFIs that at least 40 percent of their total targeted loan for the SME sector should be earmarked for financing small entrepreneurs but at the end of Q1FY10 only 29.2 percent of their SME loan went to small enterprises. Recently Bangladesh Bank (BB) has opened SME and Special Programs Department to help the sector and its clients. As the state owned banks have wide banking network with their large number of branches throughout the country, BB particularly urged the state owned banks together with other banks, to develop area-based lending network where a bank can help e ntrepreneurs directly and timely. Given the prospect of growing domestic demand, regained momentum in export demand, rising trend in capital machinery import and industrial loan disbursement and positive prospect in construction and SME sector activities, the overall growth outlook for industry sector output for FY10 seem reasonably encouraging. According to data of 2008, the total market size for loans to SMEs is estimated to be nearly BDT 400 billion ($5.7 billion). The total amount of SME loans increased by BDT 100.2 billion ($1.4 billion), or 40 percent, to BDT 350.4 billion ($5 billion) at the end of June 2008, in comparison to BDT 250.2 billion ($3.6 billion) at the end of June 2007. In terms of institutional categories, loans extended to SMEs increased from June 2007 to June 2008 among private banks (53.5 percent), nonbank financial institutions (43.4 percent), state-owned banks (32 percent) and specialized banks (15.1 percent). But, SME loans extended by foreign banks are decreased by 20.5 percent. Microenterprise loans range from BDT 20,000 to BDT 500,000 ($287-$7,170), but most such loans range from BDT 20,000 to BDT 50,000 ($287-$717). Very few microenterprises receive loans greater than BDT 50,000. Maturities range from six months to two years. The average SME loan sizes by type of lender are as follows (figures are provided from the period 2003-2006): ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Average bank loan: 408,081 BDT ($5,851) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Average MFI loan: 38,250 BDT ($548) Banks are the largest source of funding for SMEs. As of March 2008, private banks accounted for 54 percent of SME financing and state-owned banks, 30 percent, followed by specialized banks (10 percent), other financial institutions (4 percent) and foreign banks (2 percent). BRAC Bank and the state-owned BASIC Bank are the key players in SME finance in the country. The South Asia Enterprise Development Facility, SEDF, has also facilitated the a ccess of SMEs to formal financial services. The total SME loan portfolio reached BDT 350.4 billion ($5 billion) in June 2008 (provisional), representing growth of about 15 percent over the six-month period, January through June of that year Table 1:SME loan portfolio 2007-2008 June 2008 (provisional) December 2007 SME Loan (BDT Billions) SME Loan (% of Total Loan Portfolio) SME Loan (BDT) SME Loan (% of Total Loan Portfolio) Private Banks 198.90 19.7% 16248.61 18.2% State Owned Banks 99.19 33.3% 9577.60 22.7% Specialized Bank 32.50 22.9% 3050.38 23.3% Foreign Banks 6.12 6.5% 427.00 5.1% Nonbank Financial Institution 13.68 19.7% 1279.37 18.7% Source: Bangladesh Bank SME Finance As noted above, little data exists on the retail market for SME finance; even less data is available for the refinancing market, making the refinancing gap impossible to quantify. Table 2 presents the most recent available information from Bangladesh Bank on its SME refinancing facility, which is supported by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Three banks-BRAC, Eastern, and Dhaka-accounted for more than 50 percent of the facility. Beginning in July 2008, the facility (called the SME Foundation) planned to disburse an additional BDT 2 billion in refinancing for SME lending, 80 percent of which was targeted at small businesses. Despite these funds, Bangladesh Bank has issued a clear call for additional support, noting that its current resources are not sufficient to close the gap in SME financing. Table 2: Bangladesh SME Refinancing Facility Name of banks or Fis Amount refinanced (BDT millions) No. of beneficiaries Average amount refinanced per enterprise (BDT millions) Working capital Medium term Long Term Total Banks NCC/Bank Ltd. 21.6 155.00 14.8 191.4 796 0.2 Jamuna Bank Ltd. 164.8 29.3 15.4 209.5 152 1.4 National Bank Ltd. 15.1 0.0 0.0 15.0 4 3.8 ONE Bank Ltd. 197.1 141.8 14.8 353.7 445 0.8 Premier Bank Ltd. 239.0 24.5 9.3 272.8 227 1.2 BRAC Bank Ltd. 48.6 637.8 0.0 686.4 1736 0.4 Southeast Bank Ltd. 81.2 3.2 3.5 87.9 86 1.0 Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. 100.8 1.3 0.0 102.1 56 1.8 Mercantile Bank Ltd. 0.8 34.2 0.0 35.0 344 0.1 Eastern Bank Ltd. 113.8 262.1 243.0 616.2 581 1.1 Dhaka Bank Ltd. 326.5 149.8 0.0 476.3 553 0.9 Trust Bank Ltd. 17.6 0.4 0.6 18.6 15 1.2 Prime Bank Ltd. 198.1 10.7 6.9 215.7 234 0.9 Bank Asia Ltd. 0.3 10 0.0 10.3 21 0.5 Bank subtotal 1,525.2 1,460.1 305.6 3,290.9 5,250 0.6 Financial institutions Uttara Finance Investment Ltd. 8.7 123.1 360.5 492.3 279 1.8 Prime Finance Investment Ltd. 22.5 19.0 14.3 55.8 31 1.8 MIDAS Financing Ltd. 0.7 325.7 168.0 494.4 776 0.6 IDLC of Bangladesh 7.7 317.9 82.9 408.5 348 1.2 Phoenix Leasing Co. Ltd. 11.6 54.1 71.7 137.4 129 1.1 United Leasing Co. Ltd. 60.1 124.9 140.4 325.4 209 1.6 Vanik Bangladesh Ltd. 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.8 2 0.4 Bay Leasing 2.5 5.1 4.7 12.3 8 1.5 Fidelity Assets Securities Co. Ltd. 0.0 9.0 243.5 243.5 143 1.7 Islamic Finance and Investment Ltd. 6.1 120.7 23.2 150.0 125 1.2 Peoples Leasing and Financial Services Ltd. 4 28.9 196.1 229.0 123 1.9 Bangladesh Finance and Investment Ltd. 0.0 12.6 59.3 71.9 25 2.9 IIDFC 17.0 29.3 58.9 105.2 67 1.6 GSP Financing 5.0 0.0 20.8 25.8 6.0 4.3 National Housing Ltd. 4.0 7.6 9.1 20.7 12 1.7 Oman Bangladesh 0.0 1.2 4.0 5.2 21 0.2 International Leasing 4.6 31.8 24.3 60.7 26 2.3 Union Capital 5.0 3.5 9.5 18.0 7 2.6 Fareast Finance and Investment Ltd. 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.3 2.0 0.7 Premier Leasing 0.0 11.4 6.7 18.1 9 2.0 FI subtotal 159.8 1227.6 1488.9 2876.3 2348 1.2 Grand total 1685.0 2687.7 1794.5 6167.2 7598 0.8 During Q4 FY09, the disbursement of term lending by banks and NBFIs increased by 21.85 percent and stood at Tk. 67.96 billion which was Tk.55.78 billion in Q4 FY08. Between Q4 FY08 and Q4 FY09, term lending by PCBs increased from Tk.38.63 billion to Tk.48.12 billion due to their higher activities to increased industry share in lending, SCBs term lending increased also from Tk. 2.10 billion to Tk. 3.17 billion, while term lending by FCBs increased moderately from Tk. 7.51 billion to Tk. 8.12 billion. Term lending by NBFIs also increased moderately from Tk.6.72 billion to Tk. 7.12 billion Unfolding the Findings: SME financing is a new product in the range of services provided by banks. SME loan is different from other loans, not only because this is small in size, but also because its modalities are different. Nevertheless, to foster the growth of SME sector, various financial institutions now offer a wide range of products and services to SMEs in many countries. Unfortunately Bangladesh still has a scarcity of SME financing institutions or SME financing products and services. For example, two banks namely BASIC Bank (SME financing covers almost 100% of the loan portfolio) and BRAC Bank Limited (extends over 50% of the loan portfolio) are specifically devoted to SME financing. Other commercial banks are also open for SME finance, though their coverage is low. However, commercial banks should not be the only source of SME financing. There are other financial institutions, which finance SMEs worldwide, such as the SME Department of International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Bank Group. To enquire about the availability of SME financing products and services, we have surfed a number of commercial banks Website as well as the websites of other financial institutions, such as IDLC of Bangladesh and IPDC of Bangladesh. We have found that some of them do provide some innovative Products or services solely targeting SMEs, while others have repackaged some of their existing products as SME products. Banks SME Products/Services Standard Chartered Orjon Business Installment Loan Trade Finance Auto Loans Working Capital Foreign exchange BRAC Bank Anonno The City Bank Ltd Cash Credit (Hypothecation), Cash Credit (Pledge), Secured Overdraft, SOD Against Work Orders Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd Small Shop Financing Scheme Overdraft, Cash Credit (Hypothecation) Prime Bank Ltd Small Medium Enterprise (SME) Cell Pubali Bank Ltd Term Loan Social Investment Bank Ltd Special Credit Line for Small and Medium shop owners South East Bank Ltd Term Loan Among the non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), IDLC of Bangladesh mainly focus on SME financing by providing business solutions through financial products like business loan, machinery loan, double loan and lease finance. They have introduced .factoring. first in the country. Among other sophisticated SME financing instruments, Industrial Promotion and Development Company (IPDC) of Bangladesh has introduced the first asset securitization in Bangladesh in 2004, followed by IDLC of Bangladesh with Asset Backed Securitized Zero Coupon Bonds of BDT 190 million in 2005 Non Banking Financial Institution SME Products/Services IDLC Factoring Asset Backed Securitized Zero Coupon Bonds IPDC First asset securitization in Bangladesh in 2004 IFC Leasing, SME Risk Capital, Equity Funds and services like Credit lines, Credit bureaus DBH Home Loan There are many constraints in developing the SME sector in Bangladesh. Several studies have identified different constraints, ranging from access to credit to marketing their products and services. However, access to credit is considered as the main constraint. Commercial banks are found reluctant to extend credit to the SME sector. The main reasons are high risk and monitoring cost. To meet the challenge and reduce the perceived risk in lending to SME sector, the Bangladesh Bank has embarked on a program to expand and redesign the existing refinance window of Bangladesh Bank into Small Enterprise Fund (SEF). However, it was thought that the introduction of .Credit Guarantee/Insurance Scheme or adequate refinancing facilities. By the Bangladesh Bank may be of substantial help in increasing the participation of the commercial banks in SME financing. Private Banks cannot be expected to undertake this type of financing as additional costs and high risk involved. On the ot her hand, NCBs that cater to a variety of sectors, from large industries to SMEs will not also be expected to give special attention that SME financing calls for. Problems That FIs are facing: Unlike banks, FIs have limited scope of mobilizing both public and private deposits due to some restricted policies of the government. In absence of mobilizing funds at comparatively moderate cost, FIs have to procure funds from commercial bank at higher rate of interest to run their investment portfolio. Delay in legal procedures in recovering the non- performing leased assets. corporate tax rate for FIs since they have to pay tax at the rate of 45% p.a. same rate as banks and other financial organization have to pay though the earning spread of FIs is in the range of 2-3% and that of banks 7-8%. Allowing financial institutions to claim depreciation on leased assets as an allowable expense for tax purpose which the government has withdrawn. Banks by offering leasing services are distorting the market on account of their lower cost of funds. Absence of established secondary market to dispose of the repossessed lease assets in case of default cases. Cash credit (CC) and Hypo loans are very secured products of banks that are not allowed for NBFIs. Despite all these constrains FIs should take immediate measures to correct them in their favor and look for diversifying their product ranges along with efficient management practices that can play a greater role in the countrys financial sector and meet the long term investment demand of the country. Major constraints of SME financing: The major constraints of SME financing by banks and FIs can be summarized as: Inadequate knowledge and ability to formulate proper project proposals for seeking institutional finance; Collateral based lending procedures of banks and FIs that are not suitable for SMEs; Complex bureaucratic procedures and corruption; Limited availability of information on technical and marketing aspects of SMEs; Inadequate and ineffective coordination among concerned government agencies; Lack of a functional definition of SMEs that can characterize their unique positions; Absence of proper criteria for selecting potential SME entrepreneurs by the promotional institutions. Initiative Taken by Bangladesh Bank: To address this problem Bangladesh Bank took some initiative; relevant aspects of banking and NBFI regulation are summarized below: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Refinancing from offshore investors Banks and NBFIs may borrow in foreign currency, providing the effective interest rate does not exceed LIBOR plus 4 percent and the maturity of the facility does not exceed 7 years. NBFIs face additional restrictions. Specifically, the repayment of interest in foreign currency is prohibited for NBFIs (the repayment of the loan principal in foreign currency is allowed). These restrictions may impede banks and NBFIs from accessing important potential sources of international financing-and thus from expanding their SME loan portfolios, given the reported dearth of SME refinancing facilities reported by Bangladesh Bank. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Transformation Transformation of a bank into an NBFI requires a capital increase from BDT 100 million ($1.4 million) to BDT 2 billion ($28.7 million), and eventually to BDT 4 billion ($57.4 million), beginning in June 2009. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Foreign direct investment There are no significant hurdles to foreign direct investment in existing banks and NBFIs in Bangladesh. Regarding greenfield operations, foreign investments may be made independently or through joint ventures, although a license must be received for any greenfield operation. Bangladesh Banks reform agenda in the banking sector and NBFI subsector is focused on strengthening competitiveness, specifically, resolving the sectors maturity mismatch and nonperforming loan problems. Items on the reform agenda include restructuring the specialized banks to improve their operational efficiency and alleviate their portfolio quality problems; improving the functioning of the secondary market for bonds and securities; and generally strengthening regulation and supervision. The central bank recently provided updated guidelines to banks to promote SME lending. These guidelines include requiring banks to inform the central bank of the target SME loan portfolio each year; dedicating a minimu m of 40 percent of the targeted amount to small businesses; establishing a dedicated SME function; and reporting on the SME portfolio on a quarterly basis. Conclusion Emergence of NBFIs has created a new avenue in our bank dominance traditional financial system. Traditionally banks are doing such businesses that they are not supposed to do. Long term lending of banks is mostly unfamiliar product for them, and has created a serious distortion in the financial market. Rather than gaining any benefit from such types of activities, the society is now carrying the load of overwhelming default loans. As leasing is considered as an alternative of long term financing many NBFIs have strong performance in leasing business. We found that financing the small scale industries in Bangladesh is the much-talked about, but less implemented issue. Government of Bangladesh has already taken some important steps to patronize the sector including allowance and pension and insurance fund to invest in the capital market, reduction of stamp duties and taxes of issuing cost of bonds and imposition of 10% tax on interest income arising from national savings certificate. Government has already initiated to build a secondary bond market with IMF assistance. It will be better for NBFI sector if the secondary bond market could be established on an urgent basis. In Bangladesh, the limited access to finance is one of the major areas of concern for SME development. Institutions to serve this sector need to have the financial capacity to accept the lending risks along with access to appropriate funding which matches the clients requirements. The financing approach of the commercial and development banks in the country is largely traditional that does not suit the special characteristics of SMEs. They mostly subscribe to the view that collateral and third party guarantee minimize risks for the lenders.

Racial Segregations and Hope for More Equal Life in...

In showing the youth of his mother and her abusive father, McBride identifies the racism of the South in 1940s. With mentions of his past he highlights the racial segregations in order to portray a more equal way of life. The racial segregation begins as he questions his identity wondering why his mom is white and he is black. When James goes to the bus to take him to summer camp and the kid shakes his father’s hand in a â€Å"hip† way and then says his dad is a Black Panther James yells for his mother then punches the other kid in the face (p. 36) which emphasizes his fear for his white mother’s safety due to his exposure of the Black Panther group being violent against whites. At the store McBride buys a carton of milk, which turns out to be†¦show more content†¦In James’s professional life as a writer, he attempts to stay away from people because of the racial comments that get thrown around (p. 261). This exposes how in a professional environment people are judged by the color of their skin more than their ability. James’ attempts to show the racial tensions hints at why he believes that the world needs to change and tries to help and change it. Throughout the book James McBride is looked at as second rate because he is black and wants to change how people look at him and his race, since he knows there is a better way. An example of early equality is when Jordan Hunter, a black man, marries Ruth and helps her with money and provides a fatherly figure to her children (Chapter DADDY). He helps Ruth out in ways, only known to loving relationships even thought it goes society. While James is looking for his mother in Suffolk he goes in to a synagogue where he is pleasantly surprised by the kind nature of the people there. He writes, â€Å"I found it odd and amazing when white people treated me that way, as if there were no barriers between us. It said a lot about this religion,† While this highlights how little James had experienced, it emphasizes that there is good in the world that will take you in and help you no matter your color. Later James’s mom explains to him that God is not black or white, â€Å"God is t he color of water. Water doesn’t have a color. (Pg. 51)† This quote presents Ruth’s idea of a more perfect

Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Essay - 1452 Words

Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Today, both anorexia and bulimia are the most common eating disorders and affect almost 15 percent of American teenagers. Eating disorders are fifteen times more likely to occur in adolescent girls than adolescent boys. They can be fatal and thousands die from every year but this is one mental illness that can be beaten. Anorexia is increasing more rapidly in developed countries than in underdeveloped countries. Bulimia is becoming the more common type of eating disorder among teens. It is difficult to diagnose because many bulimics are deeply ashamed of their rituals and few share their problems with close friends (4). 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Approximately five percent of people with Anorexia are mal e. One main alleged cause is the media for their portrayal of young men and women and using unrealistic body shapes. Anorexia Nervosa is generally a preoccupation with thinnessRead MoreBulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders are extremely harmful and rising in prevalence. . The two most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these two disorders. This essay will also assess the symptoms, causes, health affects and the most prevalent characteristics of people diagnosed with these two eating disorders. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by self-starvation to avoid obesity. People with this disorder believe they are overweight, evenRead MoreEffects Of Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1150 Words   |  5 Pagesto eating disorders, the media plays an influential role in the lives of many women. 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Significance of Virtualization, and Cloud Computing in Virgin Atlantic free essay sample

The main concerns of being the management student are to learn great management practices and system from various organizations. Practical implication of theories and practices gained from colleges or universities must be applied to the practical world. Our knowledge will be getting a platform when it is being implemented in a real world. Virgin Atlantic is one of the successful business organizations are operating multi function services. Virgin Atlantic Airways is one of the leading airlines in Europe introduced by Virgin Group collection of branded companies in 1984. Virgin Atlantic is centralized with UK operating 30 destinations all over the world with the 40 Aircrafts in operation. It is also extending its operation via code shares flight with various airlines including Singapore Airlines, Virgin Blue, Continental Airlines and All Nippon. Virgin Atlantic has earned huge amount of financial revenue through its cargo service from Asian subcontinent. Virgin Atlantic, being a part of Virgin Territory, is able to make a revolution in an aircraft industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of Virtualization, and Cloud Computing in Virgin Atlantic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is repeatedly won best airline awards in the past for several years, airlines is constantly using innovation as a most primary part of its strategic success. Virgin Atlantic is the UK’s largest airlines owned by private sectors and successfully introducing new systems, operations as well as services. Virgin Atlantic now introduces on 747 and Airbus A340 as aircrafts. The key to success of this organization is team work. Virgin has the power of skilled world leading team in manufacturing as well as IT section. The team keep focuses on the innovation consistently. Virgin Atlantic is considered as the best maintained innovation leader in airlines industry. The airline is committed to continue its innovation and to facilitate the passengers and customers with new introduced services in airlines business. It is challenging that can fight with the market competition. As per the airlines function, the main function of an airlines is to provide the transportation facilities to the passengers and to the customers. Basically, Virgin Atlantic is IATA participated airlines the sales of the seats is through the GDS systems. Virgin Atlantic and its management team works as a sovereign foundation of analytical input to the aviation and departmental affairs strategy developing function. It also develops systematic, short-term and long-term visions of the airlines. Virgin Atlantic management develops the structure of a company depending on analysis of air costs, traffic, fares, capacity, service, and financial information. As a growing airline it frequently monitors organizational developments and make sure that departmental policies lead to address those developments. The main functions of any aircraft are to provide the transport facilities to the people and passengers. Virgin Airlines represents the airlines industry it keep passenger connected to their precious functions, jobs, leisure, corporate relations and countries with which passengers are linked through companies, families and friends, The main motto of virgin is to touch on some features distressing the specific desires in the airline business, and some of willingness to the public who use virgin’s services. Virgin Atlantic is a member of a global aviation system, and it acts as to maintain the safety and security issue. Top management of Virgin Atlantic provides economic analyses for international route cases. As a main functional work, Virgin Atlantic analyzes and evaluates the competitive and public effect of airline bankruptcies and strikes. The airline administers the important air service programs including fare updates, cargo systems, refund and revalidation policies, public complaints and comments regarding the services. Like every business organization, there are mainly four main functions of that produces a complete circle and create an effective management. Without all four functions of management, there is no worth of airlines sustainability in a market. Basically the four functions Virgin Atlantic performs of are planning, organizing, controlling and leading. All those functions are key to success of Virgin Atlantic. The effective and efficient management function is the core examples applied in Virgin Atlantic. Managers of Virgin Atlantic are liable for supporting not only for the organizational growth and to achieve its entire goal. The management functions of Virgin Atlantic is also to help the employees growth and reach their goals concerning with companys success. Virgin Atlantic Airways is keep participating in preparation of making the rules, maintaining departmental functions on behalf of legislative proposals in consideration with a variety of economic issues impacting the airline industry, the program also includes small community based air service, aircraft access at slot-controlled airports, air transporter fitness and airline industry structural issues. Virgin Atlantic has a clear mission for its operation. Company is sensitive towards the Security, safety and consistent delivery. Company believes that those three aspects are the basic foundation of its operation and entire strategy. Mission Statement of Virgin Atlantic- â€Å"Safety, security and consistent delivery of the basics are the foundation of everything we do† Virgin Atlantic in its word the mission is divided into three forms: Mission 1- â€Å"To Grow a Profitable Airline† Mission 2- â€Å"Where people Love to Fly† Mission 3- â€Å"And Where People Love to Work† The strategy of a company for three years is to build up those basic foundations to maintain the service effective and efficient. The top management believe that those three factors lead an organization to sustain in the leisure markets. The main strategic objective of Virgin Atlantic is to capture the market leader position. Virgin is the brand name and it keeps trying to promote its brand value all over the world. In the company history, it struggled more to obtain this position for the past 25 years and now the main goal is to give a new taste to customer every year. The virgin brand believes that the consumer behaviour and preferences are keep changing. It innovate the product in a short period of time and to get success. The main strategic goal is to earn more customer satisfaction helps to earn brand image as well as goodwill. Company takes every competitor as a challenge and always prepared to corporately fight with them. In this context as per the company top management â€Å"Customer are the great entity and they are weapons for competitors† Virgin Atlantic makes every day a happier day. It is a tonic for the soul – delivering great product, and great experiences for customers all around the world. †- Dilys Maltby, Senior Partner, Circus Virgin Atlantic is taken as the successful airlines company in an aircraft industry. The management teams are skilled and intelligence that they driven airlines in a height of success. However, the company have some weaknesses and threats as well. The SWOT analysis of Virgin Atlantic is as below; Strength: First Largest Private Airlines in UK. Differentiation based on service, price and value. Wide diversification of Customers. Excellent Management Team. Well designed and strong organizational structure. Weaknesses: Underdeveloped channels i. e. practicing irrational premium economy class. Distribution system is not developed fluently. Centralized Market; Focused only in London. Unfavourable use of code- shares, alliance and partnerships Opportunity: Mergers and Alliances for the future. Use as a tourism development carrier. Increase the destinations throughout the Europe. Less number of competitors in a country. Asian Markets can be used as a destination. (Only few direct connections are available in Asian least developed countries) Threats: Terrorisms and frauds in the text of tourism domination. Unconsciousness towards the health program or a campaign. Online booking facilities of other airlines may results an unfair competition. Supply surplus lead to lose in revenue. The main weakness of Virgin Atlantic Airways is its distribution system. Airline is only appointing more on UK based companies. The company is centralized and more concentrating to develop inside the UK rather to expand the International flight. Asian and African market is more potential than European destination. It is not meeting the perfect level of competitive market. The fare is relatively higher in comparison to other airlines due to the low connecting network. The introduction of the premium economic class itself is a contradictory one. It clearly discriminates the consumer preferences. Business class passengers are de-motivated and it will be the major reason for revenue cuts in future. On the other hand, Potter’s Five forces model is the most useful tool in the text of market analysis of Virgin Atlantic. The virgin Atlantic is basically focusing on the UK, it has the great influence in UK market. The potential customers of Virgin Atlantic is UK customer prefer more Virgin Atlantic with respect to its reliability, accuracy and the durability in short connection services. However, as per the internal problem of British Airways and improved loyalty of Virgin the level of customers is dramatically increasing. Virgin Atlantic is still not capable to capture the global market and it is somehow difficult to win over the various renowned airlines operating multi destination service. Such as Air France, KLM, Lufthansa, British Airways in Europe, Etihad, Qatar, Thai, Cathay Pacific, Singapore, Quantas in Asia and middle east. American, Continental, United, Air Canada in America are amazingly doing well business. Competition with those carriers is like a nightmare to Virgin Atlantic. Potential Entrants such as low cost carriers and the budget airlines are providing the excellent service those customer beliefs. Customers are price and quality sensitive and for the Virgin Atlantic it is a real threat to overcome new entrants strengths. An organization then becomes successful when it improves its weaknesses to challenge competitors and to exceed their strength. There are various tools are in use to overcome the weaknesses. In the age of information technology, IT based software are more useful to support business process. Strategic Grid model is one of the most common tools in business organization that provides the information from various functional departments using IT. Basically strategic Grid model gives business organization a framework what should be the best. Namingly, strategic grid model supports an organization to improve its competitive advantage using four factors analysis i. e Support, Factory, Turnaround and strategy as well. Strategic grid model in Virgin Atlantic is useful that it supports to make a strategy using the information provided as a grid. Zachman Framework is on the other hand, is just like an operation of a business organization. It analyze and shows the framework whether the business changes should be accepted or not. It is a framework that shows the concrete analysis of Scope, model of business, technology model, detailed interpretation as well and functioning the system based on IT based program. Framework use an ER diagram, Data Flow Diagram, user interface etc. Basically, it is a system design leading to system development life cycle helps to identify the problem and to give a recommendation to the organization. Virgin Atlantic should need to decentralize its operation to keep business running that it needs to rely on information technology. Online fare is one of the greatest weaknesses of Virgin Atlantic that it should maintain the level of online based ticketing to meet the competitors strength. Virgin Atlantic also needs to understand that the revenue is generating in organization with support of IT. So, it needs to increase the IT budget meeting the global needs of customer. Virtualisation is the most appropriate Information system in this competitive world. Using the virtual information system makes people familiar with the airlines system, fares and the pricing. It will lead to maintain the bridge between various countries that will minimize the corporate distances. Virtualization allows agent to book online, pay online and check online. Traditionally, we used to go to airlines or an agent to make a reservation, booking and to buy a ticket. But now the time is changing, technologies are improving and people are more engaging. Virtualization leads to push an organization in a global market as well. We often think that computerized system will cut off the employment level and creates an unemployment level. But the virtualization increases the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization as well as it improves the level of awareness as well. Virtualization is most necessary to meet the level of competitive market. As we are familiar with Web based ticketing and the aircraft system that no one wants to waste their time if they easily get the service with a same price via web. Virtualization also controls the level of fraud and eliminates the errors and the mistakes as well. Virtual system gives a proper knowledge to the clients than they get from agents. Customer can directly interact with the airlines as it somehow does not require third parties. Being a part of aircraft industry, Cloud Computing is the most effective tool to develop an organizational strength of Virgin Atlantic. Mainly, cloud computing allows airline and its member to use the information system in demand. Introducing the cloud computing will give more confidential information and precious data to the management that will use as a tool to compete with other organizations. The system is most reliable that leads to reduce the failure in system and signal problems. Obviously, people are more sensitive and they valued the time emotionally. Cloud computing allows people to use the internet in a cloud as well. Information system on air then will make people informed every time whether they are within aircraft or whatever. Grid computing supports to enable virgin’s shared network computers to be pooled and provisioned on demand to meet the changing demands of customers as well as changing needs of business. Grid computing is cost effective that enables multiple applications to share computing infrastructure, resulting in much greater flexibility, power, cost, power, scalability, performance, and availability all of the various functions at the same time. Grid computing leads to eliminate the unwanted or problematic systems without interrupting the system that will give continuity in process. Grid computing itself monitors and administers the airlines database systems. In today’s global economic environment where the competition level cannot be compared, the demands are growing; preferences are changing and the willingness power of people also increasing. Technologies and information systems are facilitating to satisfy the customer needs and demands. Computer and business information system plays a key role to improve organizations efficiency and effectiveness. One of the most important aspects of business is its Computer Information System. The business future is uncertain without use of computer technologies. https://prezi.com/kxo12lodth_d/copy-of-virgin-atlantic-management-style/ https://ru.scribd.com/doc/60328463/Virgin-Strategy1 http://tdan.com/the-zachman-framework-an-introduction/4140 http://www.businessballs.com/free_SWOT_analysis_template.pdf http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/porter.shtml http://www.12manage.com/